ABSTRACT
The occurrence and development of the tumor are closely associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME) and host immune status. Traditional TNM staging has gradually been insufficient in the assessment of patients' outcomes, as the TNM system solely evaluated tumor cell characteristics and failed to predict clinical outcomes based on immune factors. Therefore, immunoscore (IS), derived from the concept of immune contexture, was proposed to establish a more comprehensive and accurate TNM-I staging above the TNM staging. Recently, increasing studies have shown that IS can predict the survival outcome and treatment efficacy more accurately than TNM staging. Moreover, IS possess characteristics such as feasibility, convenience, robustness and reproducibility, which make it possible for IS to be used as a biomarker for clinical application, to classify patients better and contribute to developing individualized treatment strategies, ultimately, to improve the overall survival of patients with cancer. This article reviews of the progress of immunoscore in predicting patients' prognosis and response to therapy among different tumors.
ABSTRACT
Protracted bacterial bronchitis is Chronic lower respiratory infection,defined as chronic moist cough for more than 4 weeks and resolution of symptoms in the majority when antibiotic therapy is given for at least 2 to 3 weeks.After airway epithelial cells impaired by various factors,bacteria such as haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae colonizes on bronchial mucous membranes and leads to neutrophil infiltration.The diagnosis of protracted bacterial bronchitis is mainly based on chronic moist cough persisting for more than 4 weeks,sometimes accompanied by wheezing,with normal chest x-ray and bronchial wall thickened on high-resolution computed tomography,revealed redness and edema of the bronchial mucous membranes sometimes accompanied by tracheobronchomalacia as the main characteristic of bronchoscopy.The definite diagnosis can be made if the culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is positive.If the majority of symptoms cannot be removed after 4-week therapy,the underline pathogenesis should be searched.Curing of of acute bacterial infection can prevent protracted bacterial bronchitis.New vaccines offering all serotype protection are needed to prevent protracted bacterial bronchitis caused by haemophilus infiuenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the change of cysteinyl leukotriene ( Cys-LTs) levels and 8-Isopros-tane (8-iso-PG) levels in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of asthmatic children from acute exacerbation to clinical remission, and investigate the role of the detection of Cys-LTs and 8-iso-PG in EBC in its severity and pathogenesis , and explore the relationship between the Cys-LTs and 8-iso-PG through measuring Cys-LTs levels and 8-iso-PG levels in the EBC of asthmatic children. Methods The outpatient or inpatient asthmatic children of the pediatrics and a group of healthy children were studied. All subjects′ EBC were collected by the R-Tube produced by American Respiratory Research. The concentration of Cys-LTs and 8-iso-PG in EBC were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and compared among children in asthmatic exacerbation, asthmatic remission, and healthy condition. The relevance of their change would be explored at the same time. Results (1) Cys-LTs levels in EBC were higher in asthma exacerbation, compared to healthy controls (P0. 05 ) . ( 2 ) 8-iso-PG levels was higher in asthmatic exacerbation compared to asth-matic remission ( P<0. 05 ) . Moreover, the 8-iso-PG levels were significantly higher in asthmatic remission than in healthy controls (P<0. 05). (3) Through the relevance analysis of the Cys-LTs and 8-iso-PG levels in EBC among the three groups, Cys-LTs levels in EBC of asthmatic exacerbation significantly were correlated with 8-iso-PG levels (n1 =35, r1 =0. 61, P<0. 05), while there was no significant correlation between 8-iso-PG levels and Cys-LTs levels in asthmatic remission. Conclusion The increase of 8-iso-PG levels in EBC of bronchial asthmatic patients correlates with the disease and its control. Therefore, 8-iso-PG can be an objective indicator for asthmatic diagnosis and healing efficacy. Cy-LTs levels increase in the EBC of bronchial asthmatic according to disease severity. The two levels correlate during asthmatic exacerbation, indicating that a link be-tween airway oxidative stress and inflammation among asthmatics.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and advantage of laparoscopic appendectomy by concealed three-ports technique. Methods The clinical data of 283 patients received concealed three-ports laparoscopic appendectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Results All the patients were cured after appendectomy,including 5 patients required conversion to operation(because of adhesions around the appendix and difficult to dissect). The surgical time ranged from 25 min to 110 min and the mean time was 38 min. After 8 ～ 12h the patients could move and the average length of postoperative stay was 5d (range 4 ～ 6d). 3 cases had postoperative wound infection. None occurred complications such as postoperative bleeding, abdominal abscess, intestinal fistula, adhesion ileus and incision hernia in 6 months on average (range 1 ～ 18 months)after operation. Conclusion Laparoscopic appendectomy by concealed three-ports technique was a safe and available method and had advantages such as convenience and safety,good cosmetic results,less injury,rapid recovery,less complications,cheap and easy.
ABSTRACT
Toll-like receptor (TLR) plays a crucial role in innate immune response and the subsequent induction of adaptive immunity. TLR is expressed on immune cells as well as epithelial cells and tumor cells. When endogenous and exogenous ligands bind with TLR, TLR signaling pathways are activated and a large number of inflammatory cytokines are released, creating an inflammatory microenvironment and leading to tumor formation, invasion and metastasis.